跨设备联合学习是一种越来越受欢迎的机器学习设置，可以通过利用大量具有高隐私和安全保证的客户设备来培训模型。但是，在将联合学习扩展到生产环境时，沟通效率仍然是一个主要的瓶颈，尤其是由于上行链路沟通过程中的带宽限制。在本文中，我们在安全的聚合原始词下正式化并解决了压缩客户对服务器模型更新的问题，这是联合学习管道的核心组成部分，该管道允许服务器汇总客户端更新而不单独访问它们。特别是，我们调整标准标量量化和修剪方法以确保聚合并提出安全索引，这是一个安全聚合的变体，支持量化以进行极端压缩。我们在安全联合学习设置中建立了最新的叶基准测试结果，与未压缩基线相比，在上行链路通信中最多40美元$ \ times $ compression，无意义的损失。

联邦学习（FL）已成为解决消费者隐私需求的有效方法。 FL已成功应用于某些机器学习任务，例如训练智能键盘模型和关键字发现。尽管FL最初取得了成功，但许多重要的深度学习用例（例如排名和推荐任务）受到了设备学习的限制。实际采用基于DL的排名和建议所面临的主要挑战之一是现代移动系统无法满足的高度资源要求。我们建议联合合奏学习（FEL）作为解决深度学习排名和推荐任务的庞大记忆要求的解决方案。 FEL通过同时在客户端设备的分离群中训练多个模型版本，从而实现大规模排名和建议模型培训。 FEL通过拱门层将受过训练的子模型集成到服务器上托管的集合模型中。我们的实验表明，与传统的联合学习设备相比，FEL导致0.43-2.31％的模型质量改进 - 对排名和建议系统用例的重大改进。

我们介绍了一个免费的开源的Pytorch库，用于培训具有差异隐私的深度学习模型（在Https://opacus.ai托管）。遮光罩是为了简单，灵活性和速度而设计的。它提供了一个简单和用户友好的API，并使机器学习从业者能够通过向其代码添加两条线来制作培训管道私有。它支持各种各样的层，包括多主题注意，卷积，LSTM和嵌入框，它还提供了支持其他用户定义的图层的手段。遮光罩计算的每个样本梯度批量，与传统的“微批量”方法相比，提供更好的效率。在本文中，我们介绍了opacus，详细介绍了推动其实现和独特功能的原则，并将其对ML中差别隐私的其他框架进行比较。

Machine learning techniques based on neural networks are achieving remarkable results in a wide variety of domains. Often, the training of models requires large, representative datasets, which may be crowdsourced and contain sensitive information. The models should not expose private information in these datasets. Addressing this goal, we develop new algorithmic techniques for learning and a refined analysis of privacy costs within the framework of differential privacy. Our implementation and experiments demonstrate that we can train deep neural networks with non-convex objectives, under a modest privacy budget, and at a manageable cost in software complexity, training efficiency, and model quality. * Google.† OpenAI. Work done while at Google.

We present a dynamic path planning algorithm to navigate an amphibious rotor craft through a concave time-invariant obstacle field while attempting to minimize energy usage. We create a nonlinear quaternion state model that represents the rotor craft dynamics above and below the water. The 6 degree of freedom dynamics used within a layered architecture to generate motion paths for the vehicle to follow and the required control inputs. The rotor craft has a 3 dimensional map of its surroundings that is updated via limited range onboard sensor readings within the current medium (air or water). Path planning is done via PRM and D* Lite.

Biological systems often choose actions without an explicit reward signal, a phenomenon known as intrinsic motivation. The computational principles underlying this behavior remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigate an information-theoretic approach to intrinsic motivation, based on maximizing an agent's empowerment (the mutual information between its past actions and future states). We show that this approach generalizes previous attempts to formalize intrinsic motivation, and we provide a computationally efficient algorithm for computing the necessary quantities. We test our approach on several benchmark control problems, and we explain its success in guiding intrinsically motivated behaviors by relating our information-theoretic control function to fundamental properties of the dynamical system representing the combined agent-environment system. This opens the door for designing practical artificial, intrinsically motivated controllers and for linking animal behaviors to their dynamical properties.

Modern mobile burst photography pipelines capture and merge a short sequence of frames to recover an enhanced image, but often disregard the 3D nature of the scene they capture, treating pixel motion between images as a 2D aggregation problem. We show that in a "long-burst", forty-two 12-megapixel RAW frames captured in a two-second sequence, there is enough parallax information from natural hand tremor alone to recover high-quality scene depth. To this end, we devise a test-time optimization approach that fits a neural RGB-D representation to long-burst data and simultaneously estimates scene depth and camera motion. Our plane plus depth model is trained end-to-end, and performs coarse-to-fine refinement by controlling which multi-resolution volume features the network has access to at what time during training. We validate the method experimentally, and demonstrate geometrically accurate depth reconstructions with no additional hardware or separate data pre-processing and pose-estimation steps.

Reinforcement learning can enable robots to navigate to distant goals while optimizing user-specified reward functions, including preferences for following lanes, staying on paved paths, or avoiding freshly mowed grass. However, online learning from trial-and-error for real-world robots is logistically challenging, and methods that instead can utilize existing datasets of robotic navigation data could be significantly more scalable and enable broader generalization. In this paper, we present ReViND, the first offline RL system for robotic navigation that can leverage previously collected data to optimize user-specified reward functions in the real-world. We evaluate our system for off-road navigation without any additional data collection or fine-tuning, and show that it can navigate to distant goals using only offline training from this dataset, and exhibit behaviors that qualitatively differ based on the user-specified reward function.

Recent advances in batch (offline) reinforcement learning have shown promising results in learning from available offline data and proved offline reinforcement learning to be an essential toolkit in learning control policies in a model-free setting. An offline reinforcement learning algorithm applied to a dataset collected by a suboptimal non-learning-based algorithm can result in a policy that outperforms the behavior agent used to collect the data. Such a scenario is frequent in robotics, where existing automation is collecting operational data. Although offline learning techniques can learn from data generated by a sub-optimal behavior agent, there is still an opportunity to improve the sample complexity of existing offline reinforcement learning algorithms by strategically introducing human demonstration data into the training process. To this end, we propose a novel approach that uses uncertainty estimation to trigger the injection of human demonstration data and guide policy training towards optimal behavior while reducing overall sample complexity. Our experiments show that this approach is more sample efficient when compared to a naive way of combining expert data with data collected from a sub-optimal agent. We augmented an existing offline reinforcement learning algorithm Conservative Q-Learning with our approach and performed experiments on data collected from MuJoCo and OffWorld Gym learning environments.

Monitoring changes inside a reservoir in real time is crucial for the success of CO2 injection and long-term storage. Machine learning (ML) is well-suited for real-time CO2 monitoring because of its computational efficiency. However, most existing applications of ML yield only one prediction (i.e., the expectation) for a given input, which may not properly reflect the distribution of the testing data, if it has a shift with respect to that of the training data. The Simultaneous Quantile Regression (SQR) method can estimate the entire conditional distribution of the target variable of a neural network via pinball loss. Here, we incorporate this technique into seismic inversion for purposes of CO2 monitoring. The uncertainty map is then calculated pixel by pixel from a particular prediction interval around the median. We also propose a novel data-augmentation method by sampling the uncertainty to further improve prediction accuracy. The developed methodology is tested on synthetic Kimberlina data, which are created by the Department of Energy and based on a CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) project in California. The results prove that the proposed network can estimate the subsurface velocity rapidly and with sufficient resolution. Furthermore, the computed uncertainty quantifies the prediction accuracy. The method remains robust even if the testing data are distorted due to problems in the field data acquisition. Another test demonstrates the effectiveness of the developed data-augmentation method in increasing the spatial resolution of the estimated velocity field and in reducing the prediction error.